Below is a searchable table listing all of the Bureau’s public investigations since 2015 and their outcomes. For more information on a case, click the link in the table.
To view earlier Bureau announcements, please visit our News releases section.
-
What is a consent agreement
To resolve non-compliance in a civil case, we may negotiate a settlement with a business or individual. This negotiated settlement can take the form of a consent agreement registered with the Competition Tribunal. Once registered, consent agreements have the force of a court order.
The Competition Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body that has the power to hear and dispose of matters involving non-compliance with various sections of the Competition Act.
Further reading:
- How we foster competition: Compliance and enforcement
If you cannot find the case you're looking for, you may also consult the following lists:
- Cases of bid-rigging, price-fixing and other illegal agreements between competitors
- Cases of deceptive marketing practices
- Position statements regarding concluded merger reviews
| Date | Product/ Service |
Company/ Individual |
Status | Summary | Result | Hidden Search Terms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-11-10 November 10, 2025 | Real Estate | RealPage and Yardi | Closed | The Bureau investigated whether RealPage or Yardi engaged in abuse of dominance or anticompetitive collaboration through the use of algorithmic pricing software in Canada’s rental housing market. | The Bureau has concluded its civil investigation into the use of algorithmic pricing software in Canada’s rental housing market. It found that revenue management tools have not been used widely enough by landlords to substantially harm competition. For more details on the Bureau’s investigation and findings, consult our position statement. | civil investigation; algorithmic pricing; rental housing market; RealPage; RealPage Canada, Inc; Yardi Canada, Ltd.; Yardi; abuse of dominance; anticompetitive; Guidance; RENTmaximizer; artificial intelligence; consultation; Anti-competitive |
| 2025-07-08 July 8, 2025 | Online marketplace policies | Amazon | Ongoing | The Bureau is investigating the Amazon Marketplace Fair Pricing Policy. The policy allows Amazon to penalize sellers for certain conduct, including if they set a price for a product on Amazon.ca that is significantly higher than recent prices offered on Amazon or elsewhere. | The Bureau has obtained a court order to advance its investigation into Amazon’s conduct on its online Canadian marketplace, Amazon.ca, to determine if the company is engaging in conduct that may be an abuse of dominance under the Competition Act. | Amazon; Amazon Marketplace Fair Pricing Policy; fees; Federal Court; e-commerce; Abuse of dominance; Pricing Policy |
| 2025-06-12 June 12, 2025 | Grocery | Competition Bureau monitors Loblaw’s commitment to end property controls | Ongoing | Loblaw has publicly committed to change its practices relating to property controls in Canada. | The Bureau is monitoring to ensure Loblaw upholds its commitments. | Loblaws; Sobeys; Empire; grocery; anti-competitive; monitoring; property controls; restrictive covenants |
| 2025-05-05 May 06, 2025 | Real Estate | Quebec Professional Association for Real Estate Brokers (QPAREB) and its subsidiary, Société Centris | Ongoing | The Bureau is investigating whether the QPAREB has engaged in certain practices that harm competition in the real estate brokerage services market or that prevent the development of innovative online brokerage services in Quebec. | The Competition Bureau obtained a second court order that requires QPAREB to produce records and written information that are relevant to the Bureau’s investigation. There is no conclusion of wrongdoing at this time. | Quebec Professional Association for Real Estate Brokers; court order; Société Centris; real estate; data sharing; QPAREB; Federal Court; multiple listing service; |
| 2025-04-11 April 11, 2025 | Pharmacy services | Express Scripts Canada | Ongoing | The Competition Bureau has obtained a court order to advance an investigation into Express Scripts Canada, a company that provides prescription drug claim processing services and other services for insurance providers and pharmacists. | The order, granted by the Federal Court, requires Express Scripts Canada to produce records and written information, and provide oral testimony, that are relevant to the Bureau’s investigation. | Express Scripts Canada; mail-order pharmacies; prescription drug; prescription drugs; pharmacy; Cigna Group; Preferred Pharmacy Network agreement; PPN |
| 2025-01-16 January 16, 2025 | Grocery products | Empire Company Limited | Ongoing | Following a Competition Bureau investigation, Empire Company Limited, a major player in the grocery industry in Canada through its ownership of Sobeys, has agreed to remove a property control that restricted retail grocery store competition in Crowsnest Pass, Alberta. | The Bureau’s investigations into the use of property controls by Sobeys’ and Loblaw’s parent companies are ongoing. The Bureau invites market participants to provide input about the use of property controls in the Canadian grocery industry. | grocery industry; Empire Company Limited; Crowsnest Pass; Alberta; Sobeys; Loblaw; Safeway; IGA; FreshCo; Foodland, Longos; Farm Boy; Thrifty Foods; Les Marchés Tradition; Marché BoniChoix; Retail; investigations |
| 2024-11-28 November 28, 2024 | online advertising | Ongoing | The Competition Bureau conducted an extensive investigation that found that Google has abused its dominant position in online advertising in Canada by engaging in conduct that locks market participants into using its own ad tech tools, excluding competitors, and distorting the competitive process. | The Competition Bureau is taking legal action against Google for anti-competitive conduct in online advertising technology services in Canada. Following a thorough investigation, the Bureau has filed an application with the Competition Tribunal that seeks to remedy the conduct for the benefit of Canadians. | Google; online advertising; tech tools; competitive process | |
| 2024-11-07 November 7, 2024 | Conveyancing services | Dye & Durham | Ongoing | The Competition Bureau obtained a court order to gather information and advance an ongoing investigation into alleged anti-competitive conduct by Dye & Durham Limited. | The Bureau is looking to determine if the alleged anti-competitive conduct is harming competition in Canada’s conveyancing software industry. There is no conclusion of wrongdoing at this time. | Dye & Durham; business practices; financing; residential real estate; restrictive trade practices |
| 2024-10-03 October 3, 2024 | CREA’s policies | Canadian Real Estate Association’s policies | Ongoing | The Competition Bureau has obtained a court order to advance its investigation into potential anti-competitive conduct by the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) related to rules about real estate commissions and the REALTOR® Cooperation Policy. | The Bureau is looking to determine if CREA’s commission rules discourage buyers’ realtors from competing to offer lower commission rates or affect competition in other ways. There is no conclusion of wrongdoing at this time. | Canadian Real Estate Association; policies; CREA; REALTOR; Cooperation Policy; Realtor Cooperation Policy; restrictive trade practices |
| 2024-04-25 April 25, 2024 | Real Estate | Yukon Real Estate Association (YREA) | Closed | A Bureau investigation found that the YREA engaged in anti-competitive conduct by adopting a requirement that certain prospective members must live in the Yukon for a year before they can become a member of the YREA. Implementing and enforcing a residency requirement creates barriers to new forms of competition, especially for services offering consumers choices and fee structures that differ from traditional full-service real estate brokerage services. | The Bureau reached an agreement with the association, which agreed that the YREA will not adopt or enforce residency requirements and will ensure non-discriminatory access to the market for future competitors. | abuse of dominance; Multiple Listing Service; Northwest Territories Association of Realtors; real estate |
| 2024-07-24 July 24, 2024 | Gas pricing services | Kalibrate | Ongoing | The order, granted by the Federal Court of Canada, requires Kalibrate to produce records and written information relevant to the Bureau’s investigation. The investigation relates to how Kalibrate provides pricing guidance to gas station operators, as well as visibility on their competitors through its various products. | The Bureau is looking to determine whether these products have an adverse effect on competition between gas stations in Canada. There is no conclusion of wrongdoing at this time. | gas station operators, competitive intelligence, location consulting, pricing services |
| 2022-05-18 May 18, 2022 | Motor Vehicles | Turo Inc. | Closed | The Bureau examined Turo’s terms of service policy which prevented users from listing the same vehicle on other car sharing platforms at the same time it is listed on Turo’s platform. | Turo Inc. amended its terms of service in Canada to remove the policy. More information in our position statement. | car sharing platforms, guests, British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia |
| 2022-05-20 May 20, 2022 | Pharmaceuticals | Branded and generic drug manufacturers | Closed | The Bureau investigated potentially anticompetitive patent litigation settlement agreements involving pharmaceutical drugs. | Evidence gathered during these investigations suggested that the agreements under review did not contravene the Act. More information in our position statement. | prescription, Patented Medicines, Notice of Compliance, PMNOC |
| 2022-06-27 June 27, 2022 | Pharmaceuticals | Biologic Drugs | Closed | The Bureau completed its preliminary investigation into potential anti-competitive harm from relabelled biologic drugs. | The Bureau closed its investigation because the drugs in question have not been marketed in Canada. More information in our position statement. | small molecule drugs, Biosimilar, Janssen Inc. |
| 2023-03-24 March 24, 2023 | Radiopharmaceuticals | Isologic | Closed | A Bureau investigation found that Isologic’s contractual practices with certain customers contravened the abuse of dominance provisions of the Competition Act. Affected customers were required to purchase some products exclusively from Isologic. | The Competition Bureau entered into a consent agreement with Isologic, which agreed to cease using certain terms in its contracts with some customers, including legal exclusivity clauses. | healthcare, single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT, scans |
| 2024-11-01 November 2024 | Mortgage brokers | Dominion Lending Centres Inc. (DLC) | Closed | The Bureau examined certain practices that limit mortgage brokers’ ability to use the technology solutions of their choice. The Bureau was looking to determine if the alleged conduct was harming competition in Canada’s mortgage brokerage industry. | In May 2023, the Bureau obtained a court order that requires DLC to produce information relevant to the Bureau’s investigation. There is no conclusion of wrongdoing at this time. The investigation has since been discontinued and no further investigatory steps are contemplated at this time. | borrowers, lenders, residential |
| 2024-11-01 November 2024 | Insurance | Applied Systems, Inc. and its affiliates | Closed | The Bureau investigated whether Applied Systems was engaging in conduct contrary to the restrictive trade practices provisions of the Competition Act, including abuse of dominance. | In November 2023, the Bureau obtained a court order requiring Applied Systems Canada to produce information relevant to the Bureau’s investigation. The investigation has since been discontinued and no further investigatory steps are contemplated at this time. | technology, rating engines, interface software, broker management systems |
| 2023-11-19 November 19, 2023 | Real Estate | Northwest Territories Association of Realtors (NWTAR) | Closed | A Bureau investigation found that the NWTAR engaged in anti-competitive conduct by denying membership to those seeking to compete remotely with the association’s members. Refusing membership based on differing business models creates barriers to new forms of competition. | The Bureau reached an agreement with the association, which agreed to accept members by following the terms and conditions listed on their website and ensure non-discriminatory access to the market for any future competitors. More information in our position statement. | Multiple Listing Service, MLS, brokerage |
| 2020-02-11 February 11, 2020 | Agricultural products | BASF, B/M, Cargill, Corteva, Fed COOP, Univar & Winfield | Closed | The Bureau investigated allegations that a number of manufacturers and wholesalers of seeds and crop protection products (such as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) anti-competitively refused to supply or restricted supply to Farmers Business Network Canada. |
The Bureau obtained court orders requiring the targets and certain affiliates to produce records and written information relevant to the Bureau’s investigation. On March 15, 2022, the Bureau closed its investigation and published a position statement. Having carefully considered the full body of evidence, the Bureau found there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the behaviour contravened the Competition Act. |
seeds, fertilizer, Farmers Business Network, FBN |
| 2018-12-11 December 11, 2018 | Air travel | WestJet | Closed | The Bureau investigated allegations that WestJet and/or its subsidiary Swoop engaged in predatory pricing practices in the provision of passenger air travel services. | In December 2018, the Bureau obtained a court order requiring WestJet to provide information related to its investigation. On March 29, 2019, the Bureau obtained a further order requiring that a WestJet representative be examined by Bureau officials. The investigation has since been discontinued. | westjet, swoop, Air travel |
| 2021-10-22 October 22, 2021 | Online display advertising | Ongoing | Investigating whether Google has engaged in certain practices that harm competition in the online display advertising industry in Canada. This industry is made up of various technology products that are used to display advertisements to users when they visit websites or use apps. |
Obtained court orders requiring Google to produce records and written information relevant to the Bureau’s investigation. The investigation is ongoing and there is no conclusion of wrongdoing at this time. |
Google, competition, advertising industry, technology products | |
| 2020-08-14 August 14, 2020 | Broadband internet services | Amazon | Ongoing | The Bureau is examining whether Amazon is engaging in conduct on its Canadian marketplace, Amazon.ca, that is impacting competition to the detriment of consumers and companies that do business in Canada. |
The Bureau has invited sellers and businesses to confidentially submit relevant information to the Bureau regarding their experiences with Amazon. The investigation is ongoing and there is no conclusion of wrongdoing at this time. |
Amazon, competition, investigation |
| 2020-04-02April 2, 2020 | Generic drugs | Otsuka | Closed | The Bureau investigated a complaint alleging that Otsuka restricted a generic drug manufacturer from accessing samples of its branded product, Jinarc. The complaint alleged that actions by Otsuka prevented or delayed the entry of competing generic drugs to the market. |
Shortly after the launch of the investigation and after the Bureau applied to the Federal Court for an order requiring Otsuka to produce information, Otsuka provided a supply of Jinarc to the generic manufacturer, and in doing so, resolved the Bureau’s concerns. The Bureau issued a warning to the pharmaceutical industry regarding this conduct. For more information, consult our position statement. |
Otsuka, generic drug, drugs |
| 2019-10-17 October 17, 2019 | In-flight catering | Vancouver Airport Authority | Closed | Allegations of abuse of dominance: restrictive practices that decrease competition among in-flight catering companies at the Vancouver International Airport. |
In 2016, the Bureau sought a court order against VAA requiring it to grant airport access to new entrant in-flight catering firms to serve airline customers, subject to certain customary requirements. In 2019, the Competition Tribunal issued a decision dismissing the Bureau’s application (see Decision no. 429). The Bureau decided not to appeal the decision. |
Airport, in-flight, airline |
| 2019-09-19 September 19, 2019 | Water heater rentals | Enercare | Closed | Allegations of abuse of dominance in water heater rental contracts and return practices. |
Evidence did not establish return practices as anti-competitive, and evidence did not clearly demonstrate rental contracts substantially lessen or prevent competition. For more information, consult our position statement. |
water heater, rental, contracts |
| 2019-07-19 July 19, 2019 | Vaccines | Vaccine manufacturer | Closed | Allegations of abuse of dominance concerning a restriction of off label use of a vaccine by public health authorities. |
No contravention of the Act given that the alleged conduct did not materialize. A position statement was issued to provide guidance to the pharmaceutical industry regarding this type of conduct. |
pharmaceutical industry, health authorities, Vaccine manufacturer |
| 2019-02-20 Feb 20, 2019 | Biosimilar drugs | Janssen | Closed | Allegations of abuse of dominance, including predatory pricing. |
Insufficient evidence that the conduct has substantially lessened or prevented competition. The Bureau continues to closely monitor conduct in the market. For more information, consult our position statement. |
predatory pricing, Biosimilar drugs, Janssen |
| 2018-12-20 Dec 20, 2018 | Generic drugs | Celgene, Pfizer Canada and Sanofi-Aventis Canada | Closed | Allegations of abuse of dominance, including restricting access to samples of brand name drugs. |
Insufficient evidence that the conduct has substantially lessened or prevented competition. For more information, consult our position statement. |
Pfizer Canada, Sanofi-Aventis, Generic drugs |
| 2018-08-23 Aug 23, 2018 | Real estate | Toronto Real Estate Board (TREB) | Closed | Restrictions on members’ access to and use of real estate data. |
Competition Tribunal order was upheld by the Supreme Court requiring TREB to remove restrictions on its members’ access and use of real estate data. For more information about the case, consult our backgrounder. |
Pfizer Canada, Real estate, TREB |
| 2018-01-17 Jan 17, 2018 | Travel | Softvoyage | Closed | Allegation of restrictive terms in contracts. |
A consent agreement was reached not to enforce several types of exclusionary and restrictive contract terms. For more information, consult our position statement. |
Softvoyage, Travel, contracts |
| 2017-11-21 Nov 21, 2017 | Grocery products | Loblaw | Closed | Allegations of abuse of dominance, in respect of certain policies imposed on its suppliers. |
Insufficient evidence that the conduct substantially lessened or prevented competition. For more information, consult our position statement. |
Grocery products, policies, suppliers |
| 2017-09-14 Sept 14, 2017 | Electronic financial transactions | Interac | Closed | Request to change consent agreement to allow for more flexibility to invest. | A new consent agreement was registered with the Competition Tribunal on October 20, 2018. | Electronic financial transactions, Interac, consent agreement |
| 2017-01-06 Jan 6, 2017 | Technology | Apple | Closed | Allegations of restrictions/obligations imposed on wireless carriers in order to sell and market iPhones to Canadian consumers. |
Insufficient evidence that the conduct has substantially lessened or prevented competition. For more information, consult our position statement. |
iPhones, restrictions, obligations |
| 2016-11-21 Nov 21, 2016 | Securities market data | TMX | Closed | Allegations of restrictive trade practices – contract clauses that prevent investment dealers from sharing private market data with third parties. |
Insufficient evidence that the conduct substantially lessened or prevented competition. For more information, consult our position statement. |
Securities market data, data, restrictive trade practices |
| 2016-04-19 Apr 19, 2016 | Online search, search advertising and display advertising | Closed | Allegations of anti-competitive conduct related to online search, search advertising and display advertising services. |
Investigation discontinued in light of Google’s commitment to change anti-competitive terms and conditions included in its contracts. In addition, there was insufficient evidence that the other alleged conduct resulted in a substantial lessening or prevention of competition, or was done with an anti-competitive purpose. For more information, consult our position statement. |
Google, anti-competitive conduct, anti-competitive purpose | |
| 2015-10-30 October 30, 2015 | Residential water heaters | Direct Energy | Closed | Allegations of abuse of dominant position related to anti-competitive water heater return policies and procedures. |
A consent agreement was reached, which included an administrative monetary penalty of $1 million.
|
Residential water heaters, water heaters, anti-competitive |
| 2015-03-13 Mar 13, 2015 | Medical products (insulin pumps) | Medtronic of Canada Ltd | Closed | Allegations that warranty terms limited the ability of rival companies to enter the market for complementary products and limited the choices available to patients. | Medtronic agreed to amend warranty terms relating to use with non-Medtronic equipment. | Medical products, insulin pumps, Medtronic |